A Grammar of the Kabardian Language

Table of Contents

• Analytical Table of Contents 6
• Preface and Acknowledgements 20
• Maps 24
• 1 Ethnographic Introduction 28
• 1.1 Background 28
• 1.1.2 Diversity 28
• 1.1.3 Importance 29
• 1.2 Northwest Caucasians 29
• 1.3 Demography and Political Units 30
• 1.4 Kabardian 30
• 1.5 Dialects 30
• 1.6 History of the Kabardians 30
• 1.7 Traditional Culture 31
• 1.7.1 Settlement Patterns 31
• 1.7.2 Clothing 31
• 1.7.3 Social Organisation 32
• 1.7.4 Custom 32
• 1.7.5 Kinship 32
• 1.7.6 Religion and Myth 33
• 1.7.7 Social Etiquette 33
• 1.8 Present Culture and Future Prospects 35
• 1.8.1 The Russian Federation 35
• 1.8.2 The Middle East 35
• 1.8.3 Repatriation 35
• 1.8.4 Recent Changes in Circassia 35
• 1.8.5 The Future 35
• 2 Phonetics and Phonology 36
• Introductory paragraph 36
• 2.1 Segmental Inventory 36
• 2.1.1 Source Features 37
• 2.1.2 Points of Articulation 37
• 2.1.3 Typologically Interesting Features 39
• 2.2 Dialect Variations 39
• 2.2.1 Besleney 39
• 2.2.2 Terek Kabardian 40
• 2.2.3 Kuban Kabardian 40
• 2.3 Consonantal Clusters 40
• 2.3.1 Bi-consonantal Clusters 40
• 2.3.2 Stability 41
• 2.3.3 Tri-consonantal Clusters 41
• 2.3.4 Distribution 42
• 2.4 Syllable Canon 42
• 2.4.1 Sonorant Syllables 42
• 2.4.2 Non-sonorant Syllables 42
• 2.5 Stress 43
• 2.5.1 Nouns and Pronouns 43
• 2.5.2 Stress Assignment on Verbs 43
• 2.5.3 Citation Stress and Underlying Vowels 44
• 2.6 The Vowels 45
• 2.6.1 Controversy 45
• 2.6.2 The Open Vowel 50
• 2.6.3 Vowel-Deletion in Nouns 53
• 2.6.4 Full-Grades in Nouns and Adjectives 53
• 2.6.5 Vowel-Colouring 55
• 2.6.6 Glide Codas and Vowel-Colouring 59
• 2.7 Phonology 63
• 2.7.1 Vowel-Deletion before Glide Onset and Glide-Vowel Metathesis 63
• 2.7.2 Rounded Glide 64
• 2.7.3 /r/-Intercalation 65
• 2.7.4 Schwa-Epenthesis for Initial Glides 66
• 2.7.5 /y/-Deletion 66
• 2.7.6 Schwa-Epenthesis and Deletion 67
• 2.7.7 Rounding and Labialisation 71
• 2.7.8 Voice Assimilation 71
• 2.8 Morphophonological Rule 73
• 3 Morphology of the Noun, Adjective, and Pronoun 74
• 3.1 The Noun 74
• 3.1.1 Gender 74
• 3.1.2 Number 75
• 3.1.3 Cases 78
• 3.1.4 Articles and Specificity 83
• 3.1.5 Postpositions 86
• 3.2 Adjectives 89
• 3.2.1 Predicate Adjectives 89
• 3.2.2 Dependent Adjectives 89
• 3.2.3 Possessive Adjectives 90
• 3.2.4 Demonstrative Adjectives 90
• 3.2.5 Gradations of Adjectives 91
• 3.3 Pronouns 92
• 3.3.1 Personal Pronouns 92
• 3.3.2 Interrogative Pronouns 96
• 3.3.3 Indefinite Pronouns 97
• 3.3.4 Relative Pronouns 97
• 3.3.5 Reflexive 98
• 3.3.6 Negative Pronouns 98
• 3.3.7 Reciprocal 98
• 4 The Morphology of the Verb 100
• Introductory paragraphs 100
• 4.1 Theoretical Account 100
• 4.1.1 Argument Structure 101
• 4.1.2 Stem Formation (Derivational Morphology) 104
• 4.1.3 Post-Stem Clitics 106
• 4.1.4 Incorporation 110
• 4.1.5 Pragmatic Morphology 111
• 4.1.6 The Nature of the Verb 113
• 4.1.7 Conclusions 117
• 4.1.8 Word Phrases 117
• 4.2 Descriptive Account 118
• 4.2.1 Order 118
• 4.2.2 Argument 118
• 4.2.3 Pragma 119
• 4.2.4 Oblique Argument Structure 123
• 4.2.5 Transformational Fronting of Tense, Aspect, and Mood 137
• 4.2.6 Stems 141
• 4.2.7 Clitics 146
• 4.2.8 Affixes to the Sentence 156
• 4.2.9 Verbal Indices 159
• 4.2.10 Concord 160
• 5 Word Formation 168
• Introductory paragraphs 168
• 5.1 Adverbs 168
• 5.1.1 Simple Adverbs 169
• 5.1.2 Derived Adverbs 169
• 5.1.3 Clitic Adverbs 171
• 5.2 Adjectives 171
• 5.2.1 Simple Adjectives 171
• 5.2.2 Compound Adjectives 171
• 5.2.3 Recursive Compounding 172
• 5.2.4 Complex Adjectives 172
• 5.2.5 Suffixation 173
• 5.2.6 Degree 176
• 5.2.7 Prefixation 176
• 5.2.8 Circumfixation 177
• 5.3 Nouns 177
• 5.3.1 Compounding 177
• 5.3.2 Recursive Nouns 179
• 5.3.3 Complex Compounds 179
• 5.3.4 Compounds Employing Inflected Verbs 180
• 5.3.5 Affixation 180
• 5.4 Verbs 185
• 5.4.1 Nouns and Adjectives as Verbs 185
• 5.4.2 Active Verbs from Adjectives 185
• 5.5 Expressive Particles 185
• 5.6 Numerals 186
• 5.6.1 Cardinals 186
• 5.6.2 Ordinals 187
• 5.6.3 Multiplicatives 188
• 5.6.4 Distributives 188
• 5.6.5 Fractions 189
• 5.6.6 Estimates 190
• 6 Syntax 192
• Introductory paragraphs 192
• 6.1 Nouns 192
• 6.1.1 Order 192
• 6.1.2 Relative Clauses 193
• 6.1.3 Possessed Nouns 194
• 6.1.4 Coordination 195
• 6.2 Basic Clause Structure 196
• 6.2.1 Copular Sentences 196
• 6.2.2 Order of Nouns 196
• 6.2.3 Postpositional Phrases 199
• 6.2.4 Position of Adverbs 200
• 6.2.5 The Verb 'to move' 200
• 6.3 Scrambling 200
• 6.3.1 Preposing of Oblique Nominals 201
• 6.3.2 Contrastive Fronting 202
• 6.3.3 Passive Movement 203
• 6.4 Role Changes and Assignments 204
• 6.4.1 Anti-Passives 204
• 6.4.2 Dative Objects 205
• 6.4 3 Subject in Genitive 205
• 6.4.4 Subject in Dative 206
• 6.5 Coordination of Clauses 207
• 6.5.1 Coordinative Particles 207
• 6.5.2 Examples 207
• 6.5.3 Subject and Tense Dropping 208
• 6.5.4 Single Deletion and Retention of Mood 209
• 6.6 Subjects 209
• 6.6.1 Equal Subject-Deletion 209
• 6.6.2 Preferred Subject Principle 210
• 6.6.3 Switch Reference 210
• 6.6.4 Subjects and the Animacy Hierarchy 210
• 6.7 Subordination 212
• 6.7.1 Sentential Subjects 212
• 6.7.2 Periphrastic Verbs with Sentential Subjects 213
• 6.7.3 Sentential Objects 214
• 6.7.4 Dummy Subjects and Indirect Object Subordinates 216
• 6.7.5 Postposing of Subordinate Clauses 216
• 6.8 Relative Clauses 216
• 6.8.1 Positions of the Relative Clause 216
• 6.8.2 Non-restrictive Relative Clause 217
• 6.8.3 Reduced Relative Clause 217
• 6.8.4 Relative Head Noun Indices in the Verb 218
• 6.8.5 Independent Relative Pronouns 220
• 6.9 Reduced Adverbial Clauses 220
• 6.10 Inchoatives 221
• 6.11 Reflexives 221
• 6.11.1 Index and Pronoun 221
• 6.11.2 Reflexive of Kinship 222
• 6.12 Reciprocals 222
• 6.12.1 Syntax of Reciprocals 222
• 6.12.2 Special Reciprocals 223
• 6.13 Questions and Their Answers 224
• 6.13.1 Yes/No Questions 224
• 6.13.2 Content Questions 224
• 6.13.3 Clefted Interrogatives 224
• 6.13.4 Rightward Wh-Movement 225
• 6.13.5 Unbounded Rightward Wh-Movement 225
• 6.13.6 Rightward Pseudo-Clefting 226
• 6.14 Subject-Verb Inversion 226
• 6.15 Verb-Raising 227
• 6.16 Negation 227
• 6.16.1 Double Negatives 227
• 6.16.2 Privatives 228
• Appendix A: Analysed Text 230
• Introductory paragraphs 230
• Text 230
• Analysis 235
• Translation 246
• Notes 249
• Appendix B: Symbols and Abbreviations 250
• Entries 250
• Bibliography 254
• Works Cited 254