Lead in tap water

The harmful health effects of lead have pushed regulatory agencies and health authorities to aggressively pursue lead reduction from environmental sources, including limiting the concentration of lead in tap water. [...] DETERMINATION OF WATER LEAD LEVELS IN TARGET SITES OF EXPOSURE Water lead levels were measured using nine different sampling protocols in 1240 residences with LSLs and at 521 taps in large buildings, including schools. [...] The impact of the water lead levels measured at households and schools on BLLs in children was evaluated using the Integrated Exposure Uptake and Biokinetic (IEUBK) model developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. [...] WATER LEAD LEVELS AT TARGET SITES OF EXPOSURE Within the same distribution system, water lead levels in households with an LSL vary with the piping characteristics (length and diameter), the season, the concentration of iron in water, a coagulant or disinfectant change (iron and aluminum release, chlorine, chloride-to-sulphate mass ratio (CSMR)), and the type of residence. [...] Overall, lead concentrations are higher in summer and in single- family homes, and increase in the presence of iron in the distribution system.